Web Taxonomy Creation

An important contribution to Public Understanding of Science and for enabling of new insights would be creation of an online systematic representation of scientific information that gives a holistic view of related knowledge. This would reuse information and ideas provided by other researchers. These systems organise and visualise information. Letondal [1] of the Pasteur Institute provides a tool to generate web interfaces for molecular biology programs using an end-user programming approach. TreeBASE [2] is a relational database of phylogenetic information hosted by the Yale Peabody museum. Hughes [3] of the Computational Biology Unit (CBU) University of Bergen has investigated visualisation of phylogenetic trees and written an application that converts the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) [4] taxonomic data into a format that makes it possible to visualise the whole of the NCBI tree of life. Klyne [5] of the Image Bioinformatics Research Group, Zoology Department, Oxford University makes use of Semantic Web technology to build an image publication repository. UK Moths [6] online guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland illustrates the role of amateurs who send in pictures to be categorised. Mammals Family tree [7] provides an innovative way of visualising complex trees as a taxonomy on a wheel, this is a technique which could be developed as an interactive visualization. Fishbase [8] is a web accessible and searchable resource for accessing fish information by various categories. IHOP (Information hyperlinked over Proteins) by Hoffman [9] provides a gene network for navigating more than ten million abstracts in PubMed [4]. By using genes and proteins as hyperlinks between sentences and abstracts, this converts the information in PubMed into one navigable resource. Proviision of 3D hyperbolic representations of trees is investigates by Hughes et al [10]. This capability could be provided on the web using Semantic Web Technologies [11] [12] and this would enable others to edit and interact with these represenatations.

Web Taxonomy Creation - http://userdrivenmodelling.blogspot.com/2008/01/web-taxonomy-creation.html

References

[1] Letondal C. - http://www.pasteur.fr/~letondal/ - Pasteur Institute, Computing Center.
[2] TreeBASE - http://www.treebase.org/treebase/index.html - a Database of Phylogenetic Knowledge.
[3] Hughes T. Phylogenetic tree visualisation - Tim's Home Page - http://www.ii.uib.no/~tim/frontPages/treesPage.shtml.
[4] Wheeler DL, Chappey C, Lash AE, Leipe DD, Madden TL, Schuler GD, Tatusova TA, Rapp BA (2000). Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Nucleic Acids Res 2000 Jan 1;28(1):10-4
[5] Klyne G, 2007, Building a Semantic Web accessible image publication repository - http://imageweb.zoo.ox.ac.uk/drupal/files/20071002-SWeb-applications.pdf - Image Bioinformatics Research Group - Zoology Department - Oxford University.
[6] UKMoths - http://www.ukmoths.org.uk/ - Welcome to UKMoths, your online guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland.
[7] Mammals family tree - Use zoom tool to see mammal details on the circle's edge - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6503045.stm - BBC News Science - Mammal rise 'not linked' to dinos - PDF Family tree visualisation.
[8] Fishbase - http://www.fishbase.org/search.php.
[9] Hoffman R, Information hyperlinked over Proteins - http://www.ihop-net.org/UniPub/iHOP/ - A gene network for navigating the literature.
[10] Hughes T, Hyun Y and Liberles, 2004. Visualising very large phylogenetic trees in three dimensional hyperbolic space. DA. BMC Bioinformatics. BMC Bioinformatics Apr 29;5:48.
[11] Eklund P, Roberts N, Green S, 2002. OntoRama: Browsing RDF Ontologies using a Hyperbolic-style Browser, The First International Symposium on Cyber Worlds, CW02, Theory and Practices, IEEE Press. (2002) pp 405-411.
[12] Talis Engage - http://www.talis.com/engage/ - Community information at your fingertips - an online community information solution that allows citizens to organise, create and publish details of their events, organisations and groups.

Public Understanding of Science and Engineering

The necessary efforts of organisations dealing with cimate and space to reach out to the public can be assisted by interactive online visualisation that encourages public involvement, and this can be further linked to events where the public is involved. An example of such events is the Hewlett-Packard Science Lectures.

Online media can assist in this role and the new Semantic Web and Web 2.0 technologies enable production of software for explanation, visualisation and modelling of scientific and engineering problems. Also this enables development of online software which can be used by non-programmers to developer further software, so generating a cycle of development that could generate a large community of users and new programmers. This encourages communication and collaboration amongst the public as well as scientist and engineers. This involves creation of Semantic Wikis, modelling and visualisation tools that could be linked to scientific models such as climate models, and interactive forums.

An example application could be a link from climate models that allow members of the public to adjust parameters and see the results of such changes (even though the results are generated on high powered computers at the Met Office). This could be made to work in a similar way to the link between personal PCs and servers, where the client does not have to be aware of which servers are performing background tasks. This is similar to other projects such as the BBC Climate experiment, SETI@home and Stardust@home, but would involve the users active involvement in its development.

As an example - Astronomy, has harnessed skills of this very diverse range of people to make new discoveries (Mutchler and Schenk). The SETI@home project encouraged computer owners to use spare capacity for analyzing radio telescope data. The Open University Climate Modelling experiment used a similar approach. Stardust@home asks for volunteers to search for intersteller dust particles and tracks through photos on their computer. The GalaxyZoo project combines the computer and internet technology and human skills, and asks people to identify galaxy types.

NASA and public understanding

This extract from the article - NASA's new outreach plan explains NASA's plans to promote public undersanding of their organisation.

NASA's new outreach plan - The Space Review - by Jeff Foust - Monday, July 2, 2007 - It has long been a central tenet of the space advocacy community that the public would be more willing to support NASA—and, in turn, press the White House and Congress to give NASA more money—if the general public simply knew more about what NASA did and how it was relevant to them.

Web 2.0 and NASA's big five-oh

The document NASA's new outreach plan describes how NASA plans to implement the plan and communicate those messages to the public. That effort will be linked with NASA’s year-long celebration, starting this October, of its 50th anniversary (the agency was officially created on October 1, 1958.) The core message and related themes will be used in a variety of 50th anniversary events, including a series of "NASA Future Forums" around the country: one-day conferences about the role of innovation in economic development, in particular the role NASA plays. Also in the works are a lecture series, new public service announcements, and targeted outreach to state and local leaders linked to upcoming shuttle missions.

Online media will also play a role in this outreach effort. According to the document, NASA is in the process of redesigning its web site to leverage a suite of technologies and techniques collectively known as "Web 2.0" that emphasize communication and collaboration among users. The new web site will include dynamic, customizable content; "social bookmarks" akin to web sites like Digg and del.icio.us; and the ability for the public to comment on NASA content. The document also mentions the creation of a "NASATube" and "NASApedia", presumably similar to the video-sharing site YouTube and editable encyclopedia Wikipedia, respectively.

References
BBC Climate change - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/portal/climate_change/default.stm - news, opinion & explanation from around the BBC.

GalaxyZoo - http://galaxyzoo.org/ - Welcome to GalaxyZoo , the project which harnesses the power of the internet - and your brain - to classify a million galaxies. By taking part, you'll not only be contributing to scientific research, but you'll view parts of the Universe that literally no-one has ever seen before and get a sense of the glorious diversity of galaxies that pepper the sky.

HP Science Lectures - Bristol, UK - http://www.hpl.hp.com/news/lectures/ - The Hewlett-Packard Science Lectures were established in 1996 as a forum for improving the public understanding of science. Held at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Bristol, they provide an opportunity for the public to hear distinguished lecturers discuss a broad range of scientific topics, from current research to the interaction between science, technology, art and society.

Mutchler M, Schenk H, Amateur Astronomers and the Hubble Space Telescope - http://www-int.stsci.edu/~mutchler/amateur.html.

Open University Climate Modelling - http://www.open2.net/sciencetechnologynature/worldaroundus/grassroots.html - The development of the climateprediction.net climate model was almost as involved and intricate as the climate it sought to map - here, Bob Spicer recalls the inspirations and frustrations of getting the model created; on the next page, he reveals exactly what the number crunching is for.

SETI@home - http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/ - SETI@home is a scientific experiment that uses Internet-connected computers in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). You can participate by running a free program that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data.

Stardust@home - http://stardustathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/ - August 10, 2007 - Stardust Phase 2 Begins - Today marks the beginning of a new and exciting chapter in the story of Stardust@home. With the launch of the new and improved Stardust@home Phase 2 volunteers ("dusters") will be able to search for interstellar dust particles at an unprecedented level of sensitivity. Even the subtlest tracks and particles, which may have eluded detection in the first phase of the project, now stand an excellent chance of being found by ever-vigilant dusters.

More Information is available at - http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PublicScience.htm.